A Great Place to Visit
On the south shore of the Niagara River, right at the point where the river flows into Lake Ontario, sits Old Fort Niagara. Strategically placed to defend the entry into the interior of the North American Continent, the fort for years played a key role in maintaining France's control over her New World empire and her near-monopoly on the rich fur trade.
Today, the fort is a historic site and major tourist attraction. But during its 284 year history as an active military post it hosted the armies of three nations - France, Great Britain and the U.S. - and witnessed wars from the early contests between France and the Iroquois Nation down to the Cold War. While the last real combat action involving the fort occurred during the War of 1812, it has served as a defense against feared British attacks from Canada throughout the 19th century as well as a supply and training base for the U.S. Army as recently as the Cold War era. Also, during one of its periods of relative abandonment by the U.S. Army following the Civil War, it was used by the Irish American Fenians for their 1866 invasion of Canada.
Today, the fort is a historic site and major tourist attraction. But during its 284 year history as an active military post it hosted the armies of three nations - France, Great Britain and the U.S. - and witnessed wars from the early contests between France and the Iroquois Nation down to the Cold War. While the last real combat action involving the fort occurred during the War of 1812, it has served as a defense against feared British attacks from Canada throughout the 19th century as well as a supply and training base for the U.S. Army as recently as the Cold War era. Also, during one of its periods of relative abandonment by the U.S. Army following the Civil War, it was used by the Irish American Fenians for their 1866 invasion of Canada.
Draw Bridge over moat at the entrance to the Fort.
Coat of Arms of France over entrance to the Fort. Inscription below the Arms translates to "Gate of Five Nations" referring to the 5 Nations of the Iroquois Confederacy - the indian nation that occupied this area.
The Origins of the Fort
The famous explorer, Rene-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, started the original fortification on the site in 1679 and named it Fort Conti. However, La Salle's mission was to push on and explore the interior of the continent, and the fort was simply a supply depot for the trade with the Indians. While La Salle went on to discover the Mississippi River and follow it down to its mouth in the Gulf of Mexico, Fort Conti was overrun by the Iroquois and destroyed.
A few years later in 1687 the Governor-General of New France, Jacques Rene de Bresay, marquis de Denonville, as part of his punitive campaign against the Iroquois Nation arrived on the site and constructed a new fort which he named after himself. Despite a successful campaign against the Iroquois that summer, the marquis de Denonville failed to crush the Iroquois and, when they rose up against the French the following year, Fort Denonville was among the French outposts that were destroyed.
By 1725 relations between the French and Iroquois had improved to the point where the French were given permission to build a new stone fort on the site. In 1726 a large stone structure, now known as the "French Castle" was built. Other fortifications and out buildings were also constructed but the focal point of the fort was the French Castle.
Inside the castle is a well which was constructed for use in the event of a siege. While the well probably came in handy as a source of water for the troops during the many battles that took place at the fort, it best known for its role in the legend of the headless ghost of Ft. Niagara. It seems that during the period when the fort was under French control, two young officers from the fort fell in love with a young indian maiden living in a village near the fort. The rivalry betwee the two eventually eventually led to a sword fight that ended in the death and decapitation of the loser. According to legend, the head was thrown into the river and the body dumped into the well. In the centuries that have followed many have claimed to have seen the headless body of the officer who lost the fight wandering around the fort at night looking for his missing head.
Millet Cross. Cross is located on the spot within the fort where Jesuit Missionary and French Army Chaplain, Pierre Millet first erected a cross on Good Friday 1688.
French Castle and parade ground with flags of three nations (French Flag of Louis XIV, British and American). "French Castle" is early 20th Century name to this stone structure which was built by the French and originally served as the fort.
Sleeping quarters in the French castle for the enlisted soldiers in the French Army. Looking to improve their lot in life, impoverished peasant boys, some as young as 13, in rural France would join the army and volunteer for colonial duty.
Well in the French Castle where the body of the French Officer was dropped.
A few years later in 1687 the Governor-General of New France, Jacques Rene de Bresay, marquis de Denonville, as part of his punitive campaign against the Iroquois Nation arrived on the site and constructed a new fort which he named after himself. Despite a successful campaign against the Iroquois that summer, the marquis de Denonville failed to crush the Iroquois and, when they rose up against the French the following year, Fort Denonville was among the French outposts that were destroyed.
By 1725 relations between the French and Iroquois had improved to the point where the French were given permission to build a new stone fort on the site. In 1726 a large stone structure, now known as the "French Castle" was built. Other fortifications and out buildings were also constructed but the focal point of the fort was the French Castle.
Inside the castle is a well which was constructed for use in the event of a siege. While the well probably came in handy as a source of water for the troops during the many battles that took place at the fort, it best known for its role in the legend of the headless ghost of Ft. Niagara. It seems that during the period when the fort was under French control, two young officers from the fort fell in love with a young indian maiden living in a village near the fort. The rivalry betwee the two eventually eventually led to a sword fight that ended in the death and decapitation of the loser. According to legend, the head was thrown into the river and the body dumped into the well. In the centuries that have followed many have claimed to have seen the headless body of the officer who lost the fight wandering around the fort at night looking for his missing head.
Entrance to powder magazine at side of parade ground with the flags of the three nations that have controlled the fort.
The French and Indian War
In early colonial times the Great Lakes provided the easiest and fastest route to the interior of the North American continent and, situated at the mouth of the Niagara River, Old Fort Niagara controlled a critical choke point along this route. Any boats entering into the Niagara River from Lake Ontario had to pass under the guns of Ft. Niagara and this meant that whoever controlled the fort also controlled access to the interior. During the first half of the eighteenth century, the British controlled the strip of land along the Atlantic coast from present day Maine to Georgia while France controlled Canada and the lands on both sides of the St. Lawrence River and Great Lakes as well as the Mississippi Valley from the Great Lakes to New Orleans on the Gulf of Mexico. It is no wonder that, during the colonial wars, Britain was eager to capture Ft. Niagara.
In 1759 during the last of the colonial wars, the French and Indian War (known as the Seven Years War in Europe) a British force, under the command of General Prideaux, laid siege to the fort for 19 days until it fell on July 25, 1759. Unfortunately, General Prideaux was killed a few days before the surrender when he accidentally stepped in front of a mortar that was being test fired and had his head blown off. Sir William Johnson, commander of the British Colonial Militia assumed command and when the French surrendered, he accepted the sword of surrender from Captain Pierre Pouchot, the French commander of the fort. When the war ended Fort Niagara, along with French controlled Canada and French lands between Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River, came under British rule.
In 1759 during the last of the colonial wars, the French and Indian War (known as the Seven Years War in Europe) a British force, under the command of General Prideaux, laid siege to the fort for 19 days until it fell on July 25, 1759. Unfortunately, General Prideaux was killed a few days before the surrender when he accidentally stepped in front of a mortar that was being test fired and had his head blown off. Sir William Johnson, commander of the British Colonial Militia assumed command and when the French surrendered, he accepted the sword of surrender from Captain Pierre Pouchot, the French commander of the fort. When the war ended Fort Niagara, along with French controlled Canada and French lands between Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River, came under British rule.
British soldiers and tourists in front of Castle. Cook house is to the left of the castle.
Two British soldiers.
American Revolutionary War General John Sullivan who, along with General Clinton, led a campaign up through the central and western New York frontier destroying Iroquois villages and food stores in an attempt to halt raids by Butler's Rangers, operat
Ft. Niagara and the American Revolution
During the American Revolution, Fort Niagara remained in British hands and was used as a base of operations by the Tory militia group, known as Butler's Rangers, which attacked frontier settlements throughout the war. Following the war, the Treaty of Paris awarded the lands south of the Great Lakes to the United States but Fort Niagara and other forts along the northern border of the United States remained in British hands until after the Jay Treaty (so called because it had been negotiated by Supreme Court Chief Justice John Jay) of 1794. While the treaty called for the turning over of the forts during 1795, the actual transfer of the fort to the American Army did not take place until 1796.
British foot soldier in barracks in Castle. Not much privacy here.
British soldier displaying gear for tourists.
Much of the main floor of the castle was a trading post where the French and later British exchanged European goods for furs with the Iroquois Indians. The fort actually began as a trading post and, during periods of peace in the colonial era, the f
View of British Fort George in Canada from American side of Niagara River. Following their abandonment of Ft. Niagara under the terms of the Jay Treaty of 1794, the British built Ft. George to defend Canada and control shipping traffic between Lake
Bella next to canon pointing across mouth of Niagara River toward Canada. Both Ft. Niagara on the American side of the Niagara River and Ft. George on the Canadian side were within range of each other's canons and exchanged fire regularly during the
Role of Ft. Niagara in the War of 1812
After turning Fort Niagara over to the Americans, the British built Fort George on the Canadian side of the Niagara River opposite Ft. Niagara. The two forts were within canon range of each other and, with the start of the War of 1812, canon balls began flying back and forth across the river. In the fall of 1813, American forces crossed the river and invaded Canada but were defeated at the Battle of Queenston Heights and forced to retreat back to the American side of the River.
In the spring of 1813, American forces attacked Canada and, on April 27th burned the government buildings in York (present day Toronto) the capital of Upper Canada (present day Ontario) and then continued westward and a month later on May 27th attacked and captured Ft. George. However, the victory was short lived as the British soon counterattacked and pushed the Americans back to the American side of the river. In the fall of 1813 the British forces aided, by Canadian militia, crossed the river and captured Ft. Niagara then went on to attack and burn Buffalo and other cities in the area in retaliation for the American burning of Canadian towns. In the spring of 1814 British forces heavily augmented by Canadian militia attacked Washington, D.C. and burned the White House and Capitol in retaliation for the earlier burning of York (Toronto).
The Treaty of Ghent, which was signed on Christmas Eve 1814, ended the war and called for both sides to restore the borders that existed before the war which meant that Ft. Niagara would be returned to American hands. On May 22, 1815 the Fort was once again turned over to American control by the British.
In the spring of 1813, American forces attacked Canada and, on April 27th burned the government buildings in York (present day Toronto) the capital of Upper Canada (present day Ontario) and then continued westward and a month later on May 27th attacked and captured Ft. George. However, the victory was short lived as the British soon counterattacked and pushed the Americans back to the American side of the river. In the fall of 1813 the British forces aided, by Canadian militia, crossed the river and captured Ft. Niagara then went on to attack and burn Buffalo and other cities in the area in retaliation for the American burning of Canadian towns. In the spring of 1814 British forces heavily augmented by Canadian militia attacked Washington, D.C. and burned the White House and Capitol in retaliation for the earlier burning of York (Toronto).
The Treaty of Ghent, which was signed on Christmas Eve 1814, ended the war and called for both sides to restore the borders that existed before the war which meant that Ft. Niagara would be returned to American hands. On May 22, 1815 the Fort was once again turned over to American control by the British.
From the 19th Century to the Cold War
While the Fort has not been under fire since the War of 1812 it remained a military installation until 1963. During the 19th Century the fort assumed various support roles for the Army during periods of conflict in other areas of the continent or world and, following the conflict the fort found itself all but abandoned by the Army during the periods of peace that followed. There were periods when the fort was basically in the hands of single caretaker. During World Wars I, II and the Cold War the fort expanded beyond its walls as a new Army post grew up around it. The old fort itself was repaired and turned into a historic tourist site with military activity confined to the new post outside its walls. It was during this period when it became necessary to refer to the historic colonial fort as Old Fort Niagara to differentiate it from Fort Niagara which was an active Army post.
Parade ground with Old French Castle and Lake Ontario in the background.
Fort Niagara State Historic Park
By 1963 the Army decided it no longer needed any part of Fort Niagara and the entire area, comprising both the Old and New Fort Niagara, now sits inside a New York State Historic Park.
The old fort, Old Fort Niagara, is operated as a historic tourist attraction by the not for profit Old Fort Niagara Association, Inc. and is supported by admission fees ($10 adults, $6 Youth ages 6 - 12 and under 6 years free) and donations.
Visitors to the park itself pay only a $3 per car parking fee. Those visiting the park can walk around the barracks and other buildings belonging to the more recent Army post but the buildings themselves are not open to the public. The Officer's Club of the new fort is in the process of being converted into a museum and is partially open to the public on Sunday afternoons during July and August. It also appears to be used for occasional social functions.
Anyone, young or old, who travels to Niagara Falls to view that natural wonder would do well to drive up the road and spend a couple of hours strolling through Old Fort Niagara basking in its 300+ year history.
The old fort, Old Fort Niagara, is operated as a historic tourist attraction by the not for profit Old Fort Niagara Association, Inc. and is supported by admission fees ($10 adults, $6 Youth ages 6 - 12 and under 6 years free) and donations.
Visitors to the park itself pay only a $3 per car parking fee. Those visiting the park can walk around the barracks and other buildings belonging to the more recent Army post but the buildings themselves are not open to the public. The Officer's Club of the new fort is in the process of being converted into a museum and is partially open to the public on Sunday afternoons during July and August. It also appears to be used for occasional social functions.
Anyone, young or old, who travels to Niagara Falls to view that natural wonder would do well to drive up the road and spend a couple of hours strolling through Old Fort Niagara basking in its 300+ year history.
American Army Officer's Club.
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